RMIT researchers are advancing new ways to cut the carbon footprint of infrastructure by turning everyday organic waste into useful construction materials.
A life-cycle analysis has shown, for the first time, that biochar made from spent coffee grounds can help produce a lower‑carbon concrete while supporting strength benefits seen in earlier lab trials.
During 2024, Major Road Projects Victoria (MRPV) and a project contractor used concrete mixed with biochar made from spent coffee grounds, as a replacement for a portion of river sand, in the Pakenham Roads Upgrade for a footpath along McGregor Road.
Earlier experiments by the RMIT team heated used coffee grounds at about 350 degrees Celsius without oxygen to make a fine biochar. When this replaced 15 per cent of sand in concrete, 28‑day strength increased by about 30 per cent, pointing to a practical way to reduce pressure on natural sand supplies.
Building on that foundation, a new study led by Dr Jingxuan Zhang and Dr Mohammad Saberian presents a comprehensive life cycle assessment – a cradle‑to‑grave analysis that measures carbon emissions, resource use and other environmental impacts from production through to end of life.
The results show life‑cycle carbon dioxide reductions of 15 percent, 23 percent and 26 per cent at 5, 10 and 15 per cent biochar replacing sand, along with up to 31 percent lower use of fossil fuels and improvements in impacts on rivers and lakes.
This research supports Australia’s shift to a circular economy and net‑zero goals by turning abundant waste into functional materials, reducing reliance on natural sand and building public engagement with resource recovery.
Zhang said the findings strengthened the case for real‑world trials.
Professor Chun-Qing Li, who provided guidance to the team, said the innovation turned organic waste into a practical ingredient for lower‑carbon infrastructure.
Saberian said the team was already engaging with industry as well as state and local governments on construction projects.
RMIT and partners have already advanced public demonstrations, including a footpath pilot and the first coffee‑biochar concrete section on the Victorian Big Build, and showcased the concept through the National Gallery of Victoria’s Making Good: Redesigning the Everyday exhibition.
The study, ‘Carbon footprint reduction in concrete using spent coffee grounds biochar: a life cycle perspective’, is published in the International Journal of Construction Management (DOI: 10.1080/15623599.2025.2584549).
Jingxuan Zhang, Mohammad Saberian, Rajeev Roychand, Jie Li, Chun-Qing Li, Guomin Zhang and Dilan Robert are authors on the paper.
